Human Dignity in World Religions: A Comparative Study of Sacred Texts

Abstract

Human dignity, understood as the intrinsic worth of each person, is a foundational concept in ethical, legal, and religious discourse. This paper examines how major world religions articulate human dignity through their sacred texts and traditions. A comparative interdisciplinary approach is adopted, drawing on primary sources (scriptures and classic teachings) and secondary scholarship. After outlining philosophical and ethical conceptions of dignity and its role in modern human rights, the study analyses key religious traditions: Hinduism (Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita), Buddhism (Tripitaka and Mahāyāna texts), Judaism (Torah and Rabbinic writings), Christianity (Hebrew Bible and New Testament), and Islam (Qur’an and Ḥadīth). Within each, concepts such as the divine image (e.g. tath ātmā brahma in Hinduism, imago Dei in Judeo-Christianity, Buddha-nature in Buddhism), sanctity of life, moral equality, justice, compassion, and social responsibility are highlighted. A comparative section identifies similarities (e.g., the inherent worth of humans, ethical duties of compassion and justice) and differences (e.g., caste-based duties in Hinduism vs. equality in Christianity), as well as universal versus tradition-specific notions. The interplay of religious dignity concepts with contemporary issues, such as human rights, social justice, gender equality, and pluralism, is then explored. Critical discussions address limitations within religious teachings (e.g., hierarchical or patriarchal norms) and debates over applying sacred concepts in secular societies. The conclusion summarises findings, noting that while expressions differ, all traditions affirm a measure of inherent human worth, offering complementary resources for global ethics. The paper contributes an integrated survey of dignity across religions and suggests directions for further interfaith and ethical research.